Z-graded weak modules and regularity

It is proved that if any Z-graded weak module for vertex operator algebra V is completely reducible, then V is rational and C_2-cofinite. That is, V is regular. This gives a natural characterization of regular vertex operator algebras.Comment: 9 page

Single Image Super-Resolution Using Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network

Methods based on convolutional neural network (CNN) have demonstrated tremendous improvements on single image super-resolution. However, the previous methods mainly restore images from one single area in the low resolution (LR) input, which limits the flexibility of models to infer various scales of details for high resolution (HR) output. Moreover, most of them train a specific model for each up-scale factor. In this paper, we propose a multi-scale super resolution (MSSR) network. Our network consists of multi-scale paths to make the HR inference, which can learn to synthesize features from different scales. This property helps reconstruct various kinds of regions in HR images. In addition, only one single model is needed for multiple up-scale factors, which is more efficient without loss of restoration quality. Experiments on four public datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieved state-of-the-art performance with fast speed

The radical of a vertex operator algebra associated to a module

The radical of a vertex operator algebra associated to a module is defined and computed.Comment: Latex 14 pages. This is part of the original paper with a new titl

Design bugs out: a real world investigation of hospital bedside chairs and commodes

This paper was presented at the the 17th World Congress on Ergonomics (IEA’09) in August 2009, Beijing, China.Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAIs) can affect both patients and healthcare workers. They are difficult to treat, and can complicate illnesses, cause distress, and even lead to death. HCAIs are also a huge financial burden on the UK’s National Health Service (NHS). Aiming to identify and fast-track the implementation of new technologies and design-led innovations to combat HCAIs, the UK’s Department of Health (DH), in partnership with the Purchasing and Supply Agency of the NHS and the Design Council, launched the Challenge ‘Design Bugs Out’ in September 2008. The design challenge invited teams of designers and manufacturers to redesign hospital furniture and equipment to make them easier to keep clean, and so help reduce patients’ exposure to HCAIs and improve their hospital experience. As a research partner of a winning team PearsonLloyd Design Consultancy and Kirton Healthcare Manufacturing) selected to answer this Challenge, the Human-Centred Design Institute (HCDI) at Brunel University conducted intensive design research focusing on bedside chairs and on-ward commodes. The research findings were used to inform the design process of the ward objects, towards the delivery of working prototypes in April 2009, to be displayed in a public exhibition and then taken on a national tour of selected hospitals for trial. This paper reports on the research process, aiming to extract useful information on a human-centred approach to healthcare design innovation.The Design Council, Department of Healt

Modular Invariance for Twisted Modules over a Vertex Operator Superalgebra

The purpose of this paper is to generalize Zhu's theorem about characters of modules over a vertex operator algebra graded by integer conformal weights, to the setting of a vertex operator superalgebra graded by rational conformal weights. To recover SL_2(Z)-invariance of the characters it turns out to be necessary to consider twisted modules alongside ordinary ones. It also turns out to be necessary, in describing the space of conformal blocks in the supersymmetric case, to include certain `odd traces' on modules alongside traces and supertraces. We prove that the set of supertrace functions, thus supplemented, spans a finite dimensional SL_2(Z)-invariant space. We close the paper with several examples.Comment: 42 pages. Published versio

Crystal structure of Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus nucleoprotein-RNA complex reveals a novel RNA sequestration mechanism

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a newly emerged orthobunyavirus (family Bunyaviridae) that has caused severe disease in the offspring of farm animals across Europe. Like all orthobunyaviruses, SBV contains a tripartite negative-sense RNA genome that is encapsidated by the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein in the form of a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). We recently reported the three-dimensional structure of SBV N that revealed a novel fold. Here we report the crystal structure of the SBV N protein in complex with a 42-nt-long RNA to 2.16 Å resolution. The complex comprises a tetramer of N that encapsidates the RNA as a cross-shape inside the protein ring structure, with each protomer bound to 11 ribonucleotides. Eight bases are bound in the positively charged cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains of N, and three bases are shielded by the extended N-terminal arm. SBV N appears to sequester RNA using a different mechanism compared with the nucleoproteins of other negative-sense RNA viruses. Furthermore, the structure suggests that RNA binding results in conformational changes of some residues in the RNA-binding cleft and the N- and C-terminal arms. Our results provide new insights into the novel mechanism of RNA encapsidation by orthobunyaviruses